|
|
|
| Measurement and manipulation of socioeconomic status：Current situation and existing problems——based on psychological studies |
| WANG Shuyan, LIU Qipeng, JIANG Wei |
| College of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000 |
|
|
|
|
Abstract Recently, the problem of social stratification is prominent. The psychological and behavioral characteristics of the people in different socioeconomic status have become the frontier in the field of psychology. The measurement and manipulation of socioeconomic status is the premise and foundation of research. The measurement of socioeconomic status including objective socioeconomic status （SES） and subjective social status （SSS） measurements. In order to investigate the causal relationship between socioeconomic status and other variables, the subjective social status is usually manipulated. In the future research, we should pay attention to the different influences of subjective and objective social status on individuals, and choose more reasonable socioeconomic status indicators according to the specificity of national conditions and the research group.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[1] 陈于宁, 姚树桥, 夏良伟. (2014). 主观社会经济地位量表中文版测评成人样本的效度和信度.中国心理卫生杂志, 28(11), 869-874.
[2] 程刚, 陈艳红, 关雨生, 张大均. (2015). 大学生主观社会地位的指标构成及特点.西南大学学报(自然科学版), 37(6), 156-162.
[3] 范晓光, 陈云松. (2015). 中国城乡居民的阶层地位认同偏差. 社会学研究,(4), 143-168, 244-245.
[4] 国家统计局. (2020). 中国统计年鉴. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 15.
[5] 胡牡丽, 王孟成, 蔡琳, 朱熊兆, 姚树桥. (2012). 青少年主观社会经济地位量表的初步编制.中国临床心理学杂志, 20(2), 155-157.
[6] 胡小勇, 郭永玉, 李静, 杨沈龙. (2016). 社会公平感对不同阶层目标达成的影响及其过程.心理学报, 48(3), 271-289.
[7] 李春玲. (2005). 当代中国社会的声望分层——职业声望与社会经济地位指数测量. 社会学研究, (2), 74-102.
[8] 李燕, 孙晓杰, 刘坤. (2015). 国内外老年人社会经济地位与健康关系的研究综述.中国社会医学杂志, 32(4), 278-281.
[9] 陆学艺. (2002). 当代中国社会十大阶层分析.学习与实践,(3), 55-63.
[10] 夏婷, 李静, 郭永玉. (2017). 家庭社会阶层与大学生物质主义的关系:自尊的中介作用.心理与行为研究, (4), 85-89.
[11] 周春燕, 郭永玉. (2013). 家庭社会阶层对大学生心理健康的影响:公正世界信念的中介作用.中国临床心理学杂志, 21(4), 636-640.
[12] Adam, H., & Galinsky, A. D. (2012). Enclothed cognition.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(4), 918-925.
[13] Adler N. E., Epel E. S., Castellazzo G., & Ickovics J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy white women.Health Psychology, 19(6), 586-592.
[14] Anderson, C., & Galinsky, A. D. (2006). Power, optimism, and risk-taking.European Journal of Social Psychology, 36(4), 511-536.
[15] Autin K. L., Douglass R. P., Duffy R. D., England J. W., & Allan B. A. (2017). Subjective social status, work volition, and career adaptability: A longitudinal study.Journal of Vocational Behavior, 99, 1-10.
[16] Brown-Iannuzzi J. L., Lundberg K. B., Kay A. C., & Payne B. K. (2015). Subjective status shapes political preferences.Psychological Science, 26(1), 15-26.
[17] Bukodi E., Bourne M., & Betthäuser B. (2017). Wastage of talent? Social origins, cognitive ability and educational attainment in Britain.Advances in Life Course Research, 34, 34-42.
[18] Chiu J., Economos J., Markson C., Raicovi V., Howell C., Morote E. S., & Inserra A. (2016). Which matters most? Perceptions of family income or parental education on academic achievement.New York Journal of Student Affairs, 16(2), 3.
[19] Côté, S. (2011). How social class shapes thoughts and actions in organizations.Research in Organizational Behavior, 31, 43-71.
[20] Davis J. (1956). Status symbols and the measurement of status perception.Sociometry, 19(3), 154-165.
[21] Demakakos P., Biddulph J. P., de Oliveira C., Tsakos G., & Marmot M. G. (2018). Subjective social status and mortality: The English longitudinal study of ageing.European Journal of Epidemiology, 33(8), 729-739.
[22] Diemer, M. A. (2009). Pathways to occupational attainment among poor youth of color: The role of sociopolitical development.The Counseling Psychologist, 37(1), 6-35.
[23] Diemer, M. A., & Li, C. (2011). Critical consciousness development and political engagement among marginalized youth.Child Development, 82(6), 1815-1833.
[24] Diemer M. A., Mistry R. S., Wadsworth M. E., López I., & Reimers F. (2013). Best practices in conceptualizing and measuring social class in psychological research.Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 13(1), 77-113.
[25] Duncan, G. J., & Rodgers, W. L. (1988). Longitudinal aspects of childhood poverty.Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50(4), 1007-1021.
[26] Duncan, G. J., & Petersen, E. (2001). The long and short of asking questions about income, wealth and labor supply.Social Science Research, 30(2), 248-263.
[27] Euteneuer, F. (2014). Subjective social status and health.Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 27(5), 337-343.
[28] Gillath O., Bahns A. J., Ge F., & Crandall C. S. (2012). Shoes as a source of first impressions.Journal of Research in Personality, 46(4), 423-430.
[29] Goodman E., Adler N. E., Kawachi I., Frazier A. L., Huang B., & Colditz G. A. (2001). Adolescents’ perceptions of social status: Development and evaluation of a new indicator.Pediatrics, 108(2), 31-39.
[30] Goudeau, S., & Croizet, J. C. (2017). Hidden advantages and disadvantages of social class: How classrooms reproduce social inequality by staging unfair comparison.Psychological Science, 28(2), 162-170.
[31] Greitemeyer, T., & Sagioglou, C. (2016). Subjective socioeconomic status causes aggression: A test of the theory of social deprivation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(2), 178.
[32] Guinote A., Cotzia I., Sandhu S., & Siwa P. (2015). Social status modulates prosocial behavior and egalitarianism in preschool children and adults.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(3), 731-736
[33] Hoebel, J., & Lampert, T. (2018). Subjective social status and health: Multidisciplinary explanations and methodological challenges.Journal of Health Psychology, 25(2), 173-185.
[34] Hoebel J., Maske U. E., Zeeb H., & Lampert T. (2017). Social inequalities and depressive symptoms in adults: The role of objective and subjective socioeconomic status.PloS one, 12(1), e0169764.
[35] Holman, D. (2014). Exploring the relationship between social class, mental illness stigma and mental health literacy using British national survey data.Health, 19(4), 413-429.
[36] Jackson, C. L. (2013). Engaging with parents: The relationship between school engagement efforts, social class, and learning.School Effectiveness & School Improvement, 24(3), 316-335.
[37] Kraus M. W., Piff P. K., & Keltner D. (2009). Social class, the sense of control, and social explanation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 992-1004.
[38] Kraus M. W., Côté S., & Keltner D. (2010). Social class, contextualism, and empathic accuracy.Psychological Science, 21(11), 1716-1723.
[39] Kraus M. W., Piff P. K., Mendoza-Denton R., Rheinschmidt M. L., & Keltner D. (2012). Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: How the rich are different from the poor.Psychological Review, 119(3), 546-572.
[40] Kraus M. W., Tan J. J. X., & Tannenbaum M. B. (2013). The social ladder: A rank-based perspective on social class.Psychological Inquiry, 24(2), 81-96.
[41] Kraus, M. W., & Mendes, W. B. (2014). Sartorial symbols of social class elicit class-consistent behavioral and physiological responses: A dyadic approach.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(6), 2330-2340.
[42] Lareau, A. (2001). Linking Bourdieu’s concept of capital to the broader field: The case of family-school relationships. In B. J. Biddle (Ed.), Social class, poverty, and education: Policy and practice(pp. 77-100). New York, NY: Routledge/Falmer.
[43] Lee J. C., Hall D. L., & Wood W. (2018). Experiential or material purchases? Social class determines purchase happiness.Psychological Science, 29(7), 1031-1039.
[44] Li J., Lu M. X., Xia T., & Guo Y. Y. (2018). Materialism as compensation for self-esteem among lower-class students.Personality and Individual Differences, 131, 191-196.
[45] Li K., Xu Y., Yang S., & Guo Y. (2019). Social class, group-based anger, and collective action intentions in China.Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 13, 1-8.
[46] Liu W. M., Ali S. R., Soleck G., Hopps J., Dunston K., & Pickett T. (2004). Using social class in counseling psychology research.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 3-18.
[47] Liu G., Zhang D., Pan Y., Hu T., He N., Chen W., & Wang Z. (2017). Self-concept clarity and subjective social status as mediators between psychological suzhi and social anxiety in Chinese adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 40-44.
[48] Manly C. A., Wells R. S., & Bettencourt G. M. (2017). Financial planning for college: Parental preparation and capital conversion.Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 38(3), 421-438.
[49] Manstead, A. S. (2018). The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour.British Journal of Social Psychology, 57(2), 267-291.
[50] Mistry R. S., White E. S., Chow K. A., Gillen-O'Neel C., & Brown C. S. (2015). Elementary school children's reasoning about social class: A mixed-methods study.Child Development, 86(5), 1653-1671.
[51] Nakao, K., & Treas, J. (1994). Updating occupational prestige and socioeconomic scores: How the new measures measure up.Sociological Methodology, 24(4), 1-72.
[52] Oyserman, D., & Lee, S. W. S. (2008). Does culture influence what and how we think? Effects of priming individualism and collectivism.Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 311-342.
[53] Piff P. K., Kraus M. W., Cote S., Cheng B. H., & Keltner D. (2010). Having less, giving more: The influence of social class on prosocial behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(5), 771-784.
[54] Piff, P. K., & Moskowitz, J. P. (2018). Wealth, poverty, and happiness: Social class is differentially associated with positive emotions.Emotion, 18(6), 902.
[55] Phillips L. T., Stephens N. M., Townsend S. S., & Goudeau S. (2020). Access is not enough: Cultural mismatch persists to limit first-generation students’ opportunities for achievement throughout college.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(5), 1112.
[56] Quon, E. C., & McGrath, J. J. (2014). Subjective socioeconomic status and adolescent health: A meta-analysis.Health Psychology, 33(5), 433-447.
[57] Rivenbark J. G., Copeland W. E., Davisson E. K., Gassman-Pines A., Hoyle R. H., Piontak J. R., .. & Odgers, C. L. (2019). Perceived social status and mental health among young adolescents: Evidence from census data to cellphones.Developmental Psychology, 55(3), 574.
[58] Roy A. L., Isaia A., & Li-Grining C. P. (2019). Making meaning from money: Subjective social status and young children’s behavior problems.Journal of Family Psychology, 33(2), 240-245.
[59] Rubin, M., & Kelly, B. M. (2015). A cross-sectional investigation of parenting style and friendship as mediators of the relation between social class and mental health in a university community.International Journal for Equity in Health, 14, 1-11.
[60] Rubin M., Evans O., & Wilkinson R. B. (2016). A longitudinal study of the relations among university students’ subjective social status, social contact with university friends, and mental health and well-being.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 35(9), 722-737.
[61] Santos H. C., Grossmann I., & Varnum, M. E. W. (2019). Culture, cognition, and cultural change in social class. In W. H. Brekhus & G. Ingatow (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of cognitive sociology (pp. 271-284). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
[62] Simandan, D. (2018). Rethinking the health consequences of social class and social mobility.Social Science & Medicine, 200, 258-261.
[63] Stephens N. M., Markus H. R., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2007). Choice as an act of meaning: The case of social class.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(5), 814-830.
[64] Stephens N. M., Markus H. R., & Phillips T. (2014). Social class culture cycles: How three gateway contexts shape selves and fuel inequality.Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 611-634.
[65] Stephens N. M., Brannon T. N., Markus H. R., & Nelson J. E. (2015). Feeling at home in college: Fortifying school-relevant selves to reduce social class disparities in higher education.Social Issues and Policy Review, 9(1), 1-24.
[66] Stephens N. M., Townsend S. S., & Dittmann A. G. (2019). Social-class disparities in higher education and professional workplaces: The role of cultural mismatch.Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(1), 67-73.
[67] Townsend S. S., Stephens N. M., Smallets S., & Hamedani M. G. (2019). Empowerment through difference: An online difference-education intervention closes the social class achievement gap.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(7), 1068-1083.
[68] Williams-Shanks, T., & Destin, M. (2009). Parental expectations and educational outcomes for young African American adults: Do household assets matter? Race and Social Problems, 1(1), 27-35. |
|
|
|
