|
|
|
| The effects of experience similarity and experience valence on cooperative behavior |
| QI Fangzhu, ZHOU Yueyue, LI Qiaoling, WANG Minghui |
| School of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004 |
|
|
|
|
Abstract In this study, we conducted two experiments to investigate the effects of experience similarity and experience valence on cooperative behavior in public goods game. We also explored the mediating role of empathy. In experiment 1, participants were asked to recall and write down one’s own experiences to manipulate experience similarity and valence. In experiment 2, we asked participants to read others' letters to manipulate experience similarity and valence. The results were as follows： （1） similar experience was more beneficial to cooperative behavior than dissimilar experience; （2） The valence of experience affected people's cooperative behavior. Specifically, the level of cooperation was the highest under the condition of sad experience in experiment 1, and the level of cooperation was the lowest under the condition of sad experience in experiment 2. （3） Empathy did not mediate the relationship between experience similarity and cooperative behavior. The results show that the similarity of experience can promote people's cooperative behavior, which provides theoretical and practical reference for promoting cooperation between individuals in the future.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[1] 丁凤琴, 陆朝晖. (2016). 共情与亲社会行为关系的元分析.心理科学进展, 24(8), 1159-1174.
[2] 方杰, 温忠麟, 张敏强, 孙配贞. (2014). 基于结构方程模型的多重中介效应分析.心理科学, 37(3), 735-741.
[3] 刘长江, 郝芳. (2014). 社会困境问题的理论架构与实验研究.心理科学进展, 22(9), 1475-1484.
[4] 刘长江, 李岩梅, 李纾. (2007). 实验社会心理学中的社会困境.心理科学进展, 15(2), 379-384.
[5] 刘永芳, 王修欣. (2019). 有限理性合作观:破解人类合作之谜.南京师大学报:社会科学版, (6), 60-70.
[6] 王鹏, 刘永芳. (2009). 情绪对跨时选择的影响.心理科学, 32(6), 1318-1320.
[7] 张葳, 刘永芳, 孙庆洲, 胡启旭, 刘毅. (2014). 异性交友决策任务上为不同心理距离他人决策的风险偏好.心理学报, 46(10), 1580-1590.
[8] Batson C. D., Sympson S. C., Hindman J. L., Decruz P., Todd R. M., Weeks J. L., Jennings G., & Burns C. T. (1996). “I’ve been there too”: Effect on empathy of prior experience with a need.Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(5), 474-482.
[9] Batson, C. D., & Ahmad, N. (2001). Empathy-induced altruism in a prisoner’s dilemma: What if the target of empathy has defected?European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(1), 25-36.
[10] Batson, C. D. & Lishner, D. A., & Stocks, E. L. (2015). In D.A. Schroeder & W. G. Graziano (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior(pp. 259-281). Oxford University.
[11] Bastian B., Jetten J., & Ferris L. J. (2014). Pain as social glue: Shared pain increases cooperation.Psychological Science, 25(11), 2079-2085.
[12] Batson, C. D., & Moran, T. (1999). Empathy-induced altruism in a prisoner’s dilemma.European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(7), 909-924.
[13] Chopik W. J., O’Brien E., & Konrath S. H. (2017). Differences in empathic concern and perspective taking across 63 countries.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(1), 23-38.
[14] Davis, M. H. (1994). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Madison.WI: Brown & Benchmark.
[15] Eklund J., Andersson-Stråberg T., & Hansen E. M. (2008). "I've also experienced loss and fear": Effects of prior similar experience on empathy: Pity and social sciences. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50(1), 65-69.
[16] Hume, D. (1957). An inquiry concerning the principle of morals. NewYork: Liberal Arts Press. (Original work published 1751).
[17] Han, F. (2009). Friend or foe: Subjective expected relative similarity as a determinant of cooperation.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 138(3), 341-350.
[18] Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2014). Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable.British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 67(3), 451-470.
[19] Isen, A. M., & Levin, P. F. (1972). Effect of feeling good on helping: Cookies and kindness.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21(3), 384-388.
[20] Ilse C., Alain, V H., & David, D C. (2011). Birds of a feather: Leader-follower similarity and procedural fairness effects on cooperation.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(3), 388-415.
[21] Israelashvili J., Sauter D. A., & Fischer A. H. (2020). Different faces of empathy: Feelings of similarity disrupt recognition of negative emotions.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 87, 103912. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103912.
[22] Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Development and validation of the basic empathy scale.Journal of Adolescence, 29(4), 589-611.
[23] Krebs, D., & Hesteren, F. V. (1995). The development of altruism: Toward an integrative model.Development Review, 14(2), 124-135.
[24] Lamm C., Batson C. D., & Decety J. (2007). The neural substrate of human empathy: Effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(1), 42-58.
[25] Lerner J., Small D., & Loewenstein G. (2004). Heart strings and purse strings carry over effects of emotions on economic decisions. Psychological Science, 15(5), 337-341.
[26] Macksoud, M., & Aber, J. (1996). The war experiences and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon.Child Development, 67(1), 70-88.
[27] Maurage P., Grynberg D., Noel X., Joassin F., Philippot P., Hanak C., Verbanck P., Luminet O., Timary P., & Campanella S. (2011). Dissociation between affective and cognitive empathy in alcoholism: A specific deficit for the emotional dimension. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(9), 1662-1668.
[28] McMillen, J., & Fisher, R. (1998). The perceived benefit scales: Measuring perceived positive life changes after negative events.Social Work Research, 22(3), 173-186.
[29] Nowak M. A.& Highfield, R. (2011). Super cooperators: Altruism, evolution, and why we need each other to succeed Free Press Altruism, evolution, and why we need each other to succeed. Free Press.
[30] O’Brien E. and Ellsworth P. C. (2012). More than skin deep: Visceral states are not projected onto dissimilar others.Psychological Science, 23(4), 391-396.
[31] Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4(4), 515-526.
[32] Rumble A. C., Van Lange, P. A. M., & Parks C. D. (2010). The benefits of empathy: When empathy may sustain cooperation in social dilemmas.European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(5), 856-866.
[33] Strohmetz D. B., Rind B., Fisher R., & Lynn M. (2002). Sweetening the till: The use of candy to increase restaurant tipping.Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(2), 300-309.
[34] Sara D. H., Kristi J. K., Adam D. I. K., Darya,V. (2010). Giving birth to empathy: The effects of similar experience on empathic accuracy, empathic concern, and perceived empathy.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(3), 398-409.
[35] Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Copping, A. (2006). A grounded theory approach to understanding cultural differences in posttraumatic growth.Journal of Loss and Trauma, 11, 355-371.
[36] Seagle H., Jessee P., & Nagy M. (2002). Altruism: Choices of healthy and chronically ill children.Early Child Development and Care, 172, 573-583.
[37] Thomas, M., & Axel, O. (2012). Similarity increases altruistic punishment in humans.PNAS, 110, 19318-19323.
[38] Vollhardt, J. R. (2009). Altruism born of suffering and prosocial behavior following adverse life events: A review and conceptualization.Social Justice Research, 22, 53-97.
[39] Van V. M., & Hart, C. M. (2003). Social identity as social glue： Fostering loyalty and stability in groups. (Unpublished manuscript), University of Southampton.
[40] Woolley, K., & Fishbach, A. (2017). A recipe for friendship: Similar food consumption promotes trust and cooperation.Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27(1), 1-10.
[41] Whitehouse H., Jong J., Buhrmester M. D., Gómez A., Bastian B., & Kavanagh C. M. (2017). The evolution of extreme cooperation via shared dysphoric experiences.Scientific Reports, (7), 44292.
[42] Wayment, H. (2004). It could have been me: Vicarious victims and disaster-focused distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 515-528.
[43] Xu H., Kou Y., & Zhong N. (2012). The effect of empathy on cooperation, forgiveness, and “Returning Good for Evil” in the prisoner’s dilemma.Public Personnel Management, 41(5), 105-115. |
|
|
|
