|
|
|
| The empathic differential response based on emotional bond and its cognitive mechanism and neural basis |
| FAN Ruolin1, ZHAO Yihan2, XU Guiping2 |
1 Department of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou 510521;
2 College of Chinese Language and Culture, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510610 |
|
|
|
|
Abstract Empathy enables individuals to perceive the emotional states and minds of others. Contrary to previous studies, recent research revealed that empathy unreliably leads to altruistic behavior. Among boundary conditions of empathic altruism, the interpersonal emotional bond between an empathizer and a target, like interpersonal distance, social group memberships, perceived similarity, and opposite relationships, mediates empathic responses, including negative empathy, positive empathy, and counter-empathy, based on the different neural activity patterns of pain empathy and reward circuits in the brain and the level of oxytocin. The following study can further explore other factors that mediate the empathic differential response, differential responses of different empathic components, and their cognitive mechanism, and further examine the neural and biochemical mechanism of the empathic differential response.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[1] 陈武英, 刘连启. (2016). 情境对共情的影响. 心理科学进展, 24(1), 91-100.
[2] 费孝通. (1985). 乡土中国. 北京: 三联书店.
[3] 付迪, 戚艳艳, 伍海燕, 刘勋. (2017). 共情与反共情的整合机制. 科学通报, 62(22), 2500-2508.
[4] 宋娟, 郭丰波, 张振, 原胜, 金花, 王益文. (2016). 人际距离影响疼痛共情: 朋友启动效应. 心理学报, 48(7), 833-844.
[5] 竭婧, 庄梦迪, 罗品超, 郑希付. (2017). 神经科学视角下的共情研究热点. 心理科学进展, 25(11), 106-115.
[6] 吴宝沛, 张雷. (2012). 妒忌:一种带有敌意的社会情绪. 心理科学进展, 20(9), 1467-1478.
[7] 谢东杰, 苏彦捷. (2019). 第三方惩罚的演化与认知机制. 心理科学, 42(1), 218-224.
[8] 谢东杰, 苏彦捷. (2021). 认知共情和情绪共情的发展差异: 元分析初探. 心理发展与教育, 37(1), 1-9.
[9] 颜志强, 苏彦捷. (2018). 共情的性别差异:来自元分析的证据. 心理发展与教育, 34(2), 129-136.
[10] 杨国枢, 黄光国, 杨中芳. (2008). 华人本土心理学. 重庆:重庆大学出版社.
[11] 杨晓莉, 邹妍. (2020). 我们真的能感同身受吗?替代性排斥对个体的影响及理论解释. 心理科学进展, 28(9), 1575-1585.
[12] 杨宜音. (1995). 试析人际关系及其分类:兼与黄光国先生商榷. 社会学研究, 10(5), 21-26.
[13] 岳童, 黄希庭. (2016a). 共情特质的神经生物学基础. 心理科学进展, 24(9), 1368-1376.
[14] 岳童, 黄希庭. (2016b). 认知神经研究中的积极共情. 心理科学进展, 24(3), 402-409.
[15] 岳童, 黄希庭, 刘光远. (2017). 催产素影响人类社会认知的性别差异. 心理科学进展, 25(12), 2157-2167.
[16] 岳童, 黄希庭, 刘光远. (2018). 催产素对共情反应的影响及其作用机制. 心理科学进展, 26(3), 442-453.
[17] 占友龙, 谭千保, 钟毅平. (2014, 10月). 自我—他人重叠对认知共情的影响:认知策略的调节作用. 第十七届全国心理学学术会议论文摘要集.
[18] 赵祁伟, 刘和珺, 王琦, 刘拓. (2019). 社会排斥的神经机制: 基于fMRI 研究的元分析. 中国临床心理学杂志, 27(3), 436-442.
[19] 赵靓. (2014). 人际关系的差序性对个体共情效果的影响. 湖南师范大学硕士学位论文.
[20] 张火垠, 张明明, 丁瑞, 李帅霞, 罗文波. (2019). “养育脑”网络及其影响因素. 心理科学进展, 27(06), 1072-1084.
[21] Atkins D., Uskul A. K., & Cooper N. R. (2016). Culture shapes empathic responses to physical and social pain. Emotion, 16(5), 587-601.
[22] Bartz J. A., Zaki J., Bolger N., Hollander E., Ludwig N. N., Kolevzon A., & Ochsner K. N. (2010). Oxytocin selectively improves empathic accuracy. Psychological Science, 21(10), 1426-1428.
[23] Batson, C. D., & Ahmad, N. Y. (2009). Using empathy to improve intergroup attitudes and relations. Social Issues and Policy Review, 3, 141-177.
[24] Batson C. D., Batson J. G., Slingsby J. K., Harrell K. L., Peekna H. M., & Todd R. M. (1991). Empathic joy and the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 413-426.
[25] Batson C. D., Klein T. R., Highberger L., & Shaw L. L. (1995). Immorality from empathy-induced altruism: When compassion and justice conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(6), 1042-1054.
[26] Batson C. D., Sympson S. C., Hindman J. L., Decruz P., Todd R. M., Weeks J. L.,.. Burns C. T. (1996). “I’ve been there, too”: Effect on empathy of prior experience with a need. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(5), 474-482.
[27] Bembich S., Saksida A., Mastromarino S., Travan L., Di Risio G., Cont G., & Demarini S. (2022). Empathy at birth: Mother’s cortex synchronizes with that of her newborn in pain. European Journal of Neuroscience, 55(02), 1519-1531.
[28] Chakrabarti B., Bullmore E., & Baron-Cohen S. (2006). Empathizing with basic emotions: Common and discrete neural substrates. Social Neuroscience, 1(3-4), 364-384.
[29] Chang L. W., Krosch A. R., & Cikara M. (2016). Effects of intergroup threat on mind, brain, and behavior. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 69-73.
[30] Cheng Y., Chen C., Lin C.-P., Chou K.-H., & Decety J. (2010). Love hurts: An fMRI study. NeuroImage, 51(2), 923-929.
[31] Chiao, J. Y., & Mathur, V. A. (2010). Intergroup empathy: How does race affect empathic neural responses? Current Biology, 20, R478-R480.
[32] Cikara M., Botvinick M. M., & Fiske S. T. (2011). Us versus them: Social identity shapes neural responses to intergroup competition and harm. Psychological Science, 22(3), 306-313.
[33] Cohen D., Perry A., Gilam G., Mayseless N., Gonen T., Hendler T., & Shamay-Tsoory S. G. (2017). The role of oxytocin in modulating interpersonal space: A pharmacological fMRI study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 76, S0306453016304668.
[34] Dalgleish T., Walsh N. D., Mobbs D., Schweizer, S. , Harmelen, A. V. , Dunn, B. , Dunn, V., Goodyer I., & Stretton J. (2017). Social pain and social gain in the adolescent brain: A common neural circuitry underlying both positive and negative social evaluation. Scientific Reports, 7, 42010-42018.
[35] Davidov M., Zahn-Waxler C., Roth-Hanania R., & Knafo A. (2013). Concern for others in the first year of life: Theory, evidence, and avenues for research. Child Development Perspectives, 7(2), 126-131.
[36] Decety J., Bartal L. B., Uzefovsky F., & Knafo-Noam A. (2016). Empathy as a driver of prosoeial behaviour: Highly conserved neurobehavioural mechanisms across species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 371(1686), 20150077.
[37] Decety, J., & Cowell, J. M. (2015). Empathy, justice, and moral behavior. AJOB Neurosci, 6(3), 3-14.
[38] De Dreu, C. K. W., Greer L. L., Handgraaf M. J. J., Shalvi S., Van Kleef G. A., Baas M., … Feith, S. W. W. (2010). The neuropeptide oxytocin regulates parochial altruism in intergroup conflict among humans. Science, 328(5984), 1408-1411.
[39] De Dreu, C. K. W., Greer L. L., Van Kleef G. A., Shalvi S., & Handgraaf M. J. (2011). Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(4), 1262-1266.
[40] De Wilde, T. R. W., Ten Velden F. S., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2017). The neuropeptide oxytocin enhances information sharing and group decision making quality. Scientific Reports, 7, 40622.
[41] Delton, A., & Krasnow, M. (2017). The psychology of deterrence explains why group membership matters for third-party punishment. Evolution and Human Behavior, 38(6), 734-743.
[42] Dvash, J., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. G. (2011). Envy and schadenfreude: The neural correlates of competitive emotions. In Ebstein R., Shamay-Tsoory S., & Soo H. C (Ed.). From DNA to social cognition(pp. 139-155). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[43] Eklund J., Andersson-Straberg T., & Hansen E. M. (2009). “I’ve also experienced loss and fear”: Effects of prior similar experience on empathy. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50(1), 65-69.
[44] Epley N., Caruso E. M., & Bazerman M. H. (2006). When perspective taking increases taking: Reactive egoism in social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 872-889.
[45] Hareli, S., & Weiner, B. (2002). Dislike and envy as antecedents of pleasure at another’s misfortune. Motivation and Emotion, 26(4), 257-277.
[46] Heyes, C. (2018).Empathy is not in our genes. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 95, 499-507.
[47] Jeon D., Kim S., Chetana M., Jo D., Ruley H. E., Lin S. Y.,.. Shin H. S. (2010). Observational fear learning involves affective pain system and Cav1.2 Ca2+ channels in ACC. Nature Neuroscience, 13(4), 482-488. doi:10.1038/nn.2504
1)Jie J., Fan M., Yang Y., Luo P., Wang Y., Li J.,… Zheng X. (2022). Establishing a counter-empathy processing model: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 17, 273-289.
[48] Jordan M. R., Amir D., & Bloom P. (2016). Areempathy and concern psychologically distinct? Emotion, 16(8), 1-20.
[49] Ku G., Wang C. S., & Galinsky A. D. (2015). The promise and perversity of perspective-taking in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 35, 79-102.
[50] Langford D. J., Tuttle A. H., Brown K., Deschenes S., Fischer D. B., Mutso A.,.. Sternberg W. F. (2010). Social approach to pain in laboratory mice. Social Neuroscience, 5(2), 163-170.
[51] Lin, H. Y., & Liang, J. F.(2022). The effect of malicious envy on schadenfreude when schadenfreude is elicited through social comparisons. Frontiers in Psychology. 12, 278-290.
[52] Ma Y. N., Shamay-Tsoory S., Han S. H., & Zink C. F. (2016). Oxytocin and social adaptation: Insights from neuroimaging studies of healthy and clinical populations. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(2), 133-145.
[53] Masten C. L., Gillen-O’Neel C., & Brown C. S. (2010). Children’s intergroup empathic processing: The roles of novel ingroup identification, situational distress, and social anxiety. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 106(2-3), 115-128.
[54] Meyer M. L., Masten C. L., Ma Y. N., Wang C. B., Shi Z. H., Eisenberger N. I., & Han S. H. (2013). Empathy for the social suffering of friends and strangers recruits distinct patterns of brain activation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8, 446-454.
[55] Mobbs D., Yu R., Meyer M., Passamonti L., Seymour B., Calder A. J.,.. Dalgleish T. (2009). A key role for similarity in vicarious reward. Science, 324(5929), 900-900.
[56] Molenberghs P., Bosworth R., Nott Z., Louis W. R., Smith J. R., Amiot C. E.,.. Decety J. (2014). The influence of group membership and individual differences in psychopathy and perspective taking on neural responses when punishing and rewarding others. Human Brain Mapping, 35(10), 4989-4999.
[57] Molenberghs P., Gapp J., Wang B., Louis W. R., & Decety J. (2016). Increased moral sensitivity for outgroup perpetrators harming ingroup members. Cerebral Cortex, 26(1), 225-233.
[58] Molina L. E., Tropp L. R., & Goode C. (2016). Reflections on prejudice and intergroup relations. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 120-124.
[59] Montalan B., Lelard T., Godefroy O., & Mouras H. (2012). Behavioral investigation of the influence of social categorization on empathy for pain: A minimal group paradigm study. Frontier in Psychology, 3, 389.
[60] Motomura Y., Takeshita A., Egashira Y., Nishimura T., Kim Y. K., & Watanuki S. (2015). Interaction between valence of empathy and familiarity: Is it difficult to empathize with the positive events of a stranger? Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 34, 13.
[61] Nelson D. W., Klein C. T. F., & Irvin J. E. (2010). Motivational antecedents of empathy: Inhibiting effects of fatigue. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25(1), 37-50.
[62] Neumann D. L., Boyle G. J., & Chan R. (2013). Empathy towards individuals of the same and different ethnicity when depicted in negative and positive contexts. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(1), 8-13.
[63] Nowak, M. A. (2006). Five rules for the evolution of cooperation. Science, 314(5805), 1560-1563.
[64] Ouwerkerk J. W., Van Dijk W. W., Vonkeman C. C., & Spears R. (2018). When we enjoy bad news about other groups: A social identity approach to out-group schadenfreude. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 21(1), 214-232.
[65] Paulus, M., & Leitherer, M. (2017). Preschoolers' social experiences and empathy-based responding relate to their fair resource allocation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 161, 202-210.
[66] Piskorz, J., & Piskorz, Z. (2009). Situational determinants of envy and schadenfreude. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 40(3), 137-144.
[67] Preis, M. A., & Kroener-Herwig, B. (2012). Empathy for pain: The effects of prior experience and sex. European Journal of Pain, 16(9), 1311-1319.
[68] Rabinowitch, T. C., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2015). Synchronous rhythmic interaction enhances children’s perceived similarity and closeness towards each other. PLoS One, 10(4), e0120878.
[69] Schaubroeck, J., & Lam, S. S. K. (2004). Comparing lots before and after: Promotion rejectees’ invidious reactions to promotees. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94(1), 33-47.
[70] Shamay-Tsoory S. G., Fischer M., Dvash J., Harari H., Perach-Bloom N., & Levkovitz Y. (2009). Intranasal administration of oxytocin increases envy and schadenfreude (gloating). Biological Psychiatry, 66(9), 864-870.
[71] Singer T., Seymour B., O’Doherty J., Stephan K., Dolan R., & Frith C. (2006). Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others. Nature, 439(7075), 466-469.
[72] Smith, C. A., & Frieze, I. H. (2003). Examining rape empathy from the perspective of the victim and the assailant1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(3), 476-498.
[73] Steinbeis, N., & Singer, T. (2013). The effects of social comparison on social emotions and behavior during childhood: The ontogeny of envy and Schadenfreude predicts developmental changes in equity-related decisions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 115(1), 198-209.
[74] Stinson, L., & Ickes, W. (1992). Empathic accuracy in the interactions of male friends versus male strangers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 787-797.
[75] Takahashi H., Kato M., Matsuura M., Mobbs D., Suhara T., & Okubo Y. (2009). When your gain is my pain and your pain is my gain: Neural correlates of envy and schadenfreude. Science, 323(5916), 937-939.
[76] Tarrant M., Calitri R., & Weston D. (2012). Social identification structures the effects of perspective taking. Psychological Science, 23(9), 973-978.
[77] Tiarra S. K., Hudson J., Cikara M., & Sidanius J.(2019). Preference for hierarchy is associated with reduced empathy and increased counter-empathy towards others, especially out-group targets. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 83, 167-198.
[78] Vorauer, J. D., & Petsnik, C. (2019). What really helps? Divergent implications of talking to someone with an empathic mindset versus similar experience for shame and self-evaluation in the wake of an embarrassing event. British Journal of Social Psychology, 12338.
[79] Xu X., Zuo X., Wang X., & Han S. (2009). Do you feel my pain? Racial group membership modulates empathic neural responses. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29(26), 8525-8529.
[80] Yamada M., Lamm C., & Decety J. (2011). Pleasing frowns, disappointing smiles: An ERP investigation of counterempathy. Emotion, 11(6), 1336-1345.
[81] Yang X. L., Xin T. T., & Zhao Q. H. (2020). Effects of intergroup vicarious ostracism on individual prejudicial attributions and aggressive intentions. Spanish Journal of Psychology. |
|
|
|
